Drawn on film animation, also known as animation without camera and direct animation is a technique which involves creating images directly on the photographic film, this is different to other forms of animation because the images are photographed in frame by frame with a camera.
There are two methods to produce animation on a film; blank film and black film.
On blank film an artist can draw, paint, stamp and glue things.
On a black film an artist can scratch, etch, sand and punch things.
The first and best known practictioners of drawn-on-film animation include Len Lye, Norman McLaren, Stan Brakhage, then later artists including Steven Woloshen, Richard R. Reeves and Baerbel Neubauer, who produced a number animated films using these methods.
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