Flip books are small books which are made of static images or text per page which vary slightly from one page to the next.
A flip book first appeared September, 1868, when it was patented by John Barnes Linnett under the name of Kineograph ("Moving Picture").
Even thought the flipbook was patented by John Barned Linnett in 1868, the flipbook was actually first created by Pierre-Hubert Desvignes, this is also the man who is usually given credit too for the invention.
In modern times flip books are often seen as childish entertainment and are sometimes used as prizes in childrens cereal boxes, although flip book animation has been used in some advertisements to promote cars and cigarettes.
Drawn on film animation, also known as animation without camera and direct animation is a technique which involves creating images directly on the photographic film, this is different to other forms of animation because the images are photographed in frame by frame with a camera.
There are two methods to produce animation on a film; blank film and black film.
On blank film an artist can draw, paint, stamp and glue things.
On a black film an artist can scratch, etch, sand and punch things.
The first and best known practictioners of drawn-on-film animation include Len Lye, Norman McLaren, Stan Brakhage, then later artists including Steven Woloshen, Richard R. Reeves and Baerbel Neubauer, who produced a number animated films using these methods.
Rotoscoping is an animation technique where animators trace over live-action film movement frame by frame to be used in films.
Rotoscoping is used in live action action movies as a tool for visual effects.
Rotoscoping was invented by Max Fleischer, who used it in his series Out of the Inkwell which he started in 1915 with his brother Dave Fleischer dressed as a clown in the live-film film as Koko the Clown. Max patented rotoscoping in 1917.
Cel animation is also known as classical animation and traditional animation.
Cel animation is the technique where each animation frame is by hand.
Animations firstly start off as a story board, these are similar to comic strips as a script is written as words and pictures this allows the production team to follow a plot.
Secondly a voice recording is done, this is so the animation can be more precisely synchronised to the sound.
An animatic is the pictures from the storyboard which are synchronised with the sound track, this allows the the animators to find any script or timing issues that there may be in the sound track or storyboard.
Muybridge and Edison met at Edison's laboratory in West Orange; Muybridge later described how he proposed a collaboration to join his device with the Edison phonograph—a combination system that would play sound and images concurrently.
The kinetoscope was a device that conveyed a strip of perforated film which had images on them over a light source with a high speed shutter on it, the images where then projected through a window on the cabinet the components were housed in, it was designed for films to be watched individually.
First described in conceptual terms by U.S. inventor Thomas Edison in 1888, it was largely developed by his employee William Kennedy Laurie Dickson between 1889 and 1892.
The name kinetoscope is derived from the Greek roots kineto- ("movement") and scopos ("to view").
Edison assigned Dickson, one of his most talented employees, to the job of making the kinetoscope a reality. Edison would take full credit for the invention.
This meant that Edison didn't play the biggest role in creating the kinetoscope but still took full credit in the creation of it, this lead to most modern scholars to assign Dickson with the major credit for turning the concept into a practical reality.
A zoetrope is a device which is made of a cylinder with slits cut around the sides, beneath the slits were static photos.
The user had to spin the device and look through the splits on the cylinder at the images on the other side, this gave the illusion that the images were moving.
The earliest zoetrope was created in China around 180 AD by the inventor Ting Huan, back then the device was known as “chao hua chich kuan” (this translates to “the pipe which makes fantasies appear”).
The zoetrope would be hung over a lamp, this would then run the zoetrope through the convection (this is where hot air rises and cold air falls).
